The Historical Context of A Hero of Our Time - Literature Essay Samples

Mikhail Lermontov’s A Hero of Our Time not only represented the movement in which it appeared, known by some as Russian Romanticism, it also developed parallel to what was occurring historically in Russia during the first half of the 19th century. In fact, in order to grasp a full understanding of romantic movement artists, it is vital to understand the historical context, as well as the life and upbringing of Mikhail Lermontov himself. The â€Å"superfluous man† role that A Hero of Our Time’s main character Pechorin exemplifies, not only can be traced back to aspects of Lermontov’s own personality, but possibly also to characteristics of the one in power during this time, Nicholas I. Mikhail Lermontov was born in Moscow in the year 1814, and because his mother passed away when he was a child, he was raised by his wealthy, aristocratic and controlling grandmother somewhere in Central Russia (Terras 248). Many can agree that he left behind, â€Å"a literary legacy of considerable size and richness†, not only due to his innovative and creative writing style, but also because of his contributions to the romantic movement (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 316). As in the novel A Hero of Our Time, Lermontov often wrote about life in the Caucasus region of Russia, because he was sent there a couple of times after being prosecuted for various â€Å"crimes†, (in the modern sense they were not really crimes) (Terras 249). Additionally, he spent some time in this area serving in the army, only further solidifying his passion and interest in the stunning landscape of this region and its intriguing people (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 316-317). Lermontov possessed a rathe r unfavorable demeanor, as many would say, and due to his arrogance and mocking attitude, he grew to have many enemies, one of which eventually led to his premature demise and death (Terras 249). Lermontov died in his 20s in a duel, being shot just like the main character Pechorin of his novel A Hero of Our Time, ironically (Terras 249). Although meeting his fatal end prematurely, Lermontov inspired many other artists throughout Russia and beyond, contributing a few notable works to the diversity and dynamic of Russian literature. A Hero of Our Time appeared late in the author’s career, somewhere around 1840-1841 (Terras 373). Some scholars would claim that this novel served as part of the Russian Romanticism period (Terras 372), while others describe it as a push towards the Russian realistic novel, introducing elements of the Russian Romantic realism movement (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 317). Regardless of its categorization, A Hero of Our Time contained a few specific, unique elements that made it stand out from other works during its time, as well as adding to its distinct influence on literary history. First of all, the novel can be described as a psychological one, broken down into 5 cycles of inner thoughts, each described through the voice of different narrators (Terras 250). This element not only keeps the storyline fresh and interesting, it provides an inner glimpse into the minds of the characters, as well as a witnessing of multiple perspectives. These perspectives are presented journal entry style, which adds to the honest nature and real depiction of the events that unfold. As with Lermontov’s other works, A Hero of Our Time vividly expresses the stunning landscapes of the Caucasus region, with passages that are descriptive, gorgeous and captivating for the reader. The novel’s main character Pechorin, is what literaries describe as the Byronic hero and â€Å"superfluous man†, with each of the 5 cycles adding another complex layer to the protagonist’s personality (Terras 250). Eventually, by the end of the novel we witness Pechorin’s demise, as he slowly digs his own grave in many ways, appearing as more manipulative, self-absorbed, self-critical and in turn isolated, than in any of the prior chapters (Terras 250). In the beginning, it is no t difficult to like Pechorin as a character, but by the end of the novel you not only can see the ugliness of his disposition, you just feel sorry for the guy. Even if it did not last long, only for about the first half of the 19th century, beginning at the turn of the century, Russian Romanticism can best be described by a few common trends; Romantics strived for independence and in some ways rebelled from the constraints of their ultra-controlling and oppressive rulers, but in ways that remained subtle enough to not get them into too many legal troubles. They did so by attempting to establish independence from the Romantic movements of other European countries, so that Russian culture could be liberated from the â€Å"slavish imitation† of European models. Additionally, Romantic writers often supported nationalism; they felt Russian art contained a beauty of its own, which should be honored and respected, just as other countries honor and respect their own works. They felt their movement served as a way to encourage national originality, or narodnost (Terras 372-373). National originality became such a major dynamic of this time, t hat some would even say it was synonymous with Russian Romanticism. For many, the romantic period in Russia was an intensely dynamic and confusing time. Many people developed their own opinions and thoughts about certain aesthetic and philosophical questions, which produced a massive jumble of alliances. Even if Russian romantics wanted to stand out from the likes of other European romantic artists, many of their values related to those of the Europeans. Russian romantics still valued themes such as, love, rebellion, passion, death, madness, escapism, magic, the supernatural, murder, heroes, heroines and individual isolation, they simply implemented their own Russian settings and characters (Terras 373-375). The â€Å"superfluous man† is an intriguing aspect of the Romantic era, and of Mikhail Lermontov’s own literary works, for it is not only blatantly apparent in A Hero of Our Time, but in some ways Lermontov possibly felt it represented aspects of his own personality and eventual demise. In some ways, A Hero of Our Time was an instance of when life imitates art. The term was originally coined in print by writer Ivan Turgenev, but this phrase grew to represent many literary heroes of the Russian Romantic movement (Emerson 54). The â€Å"superfluous man† contains many complexities, but three parameters in specific tend to define this individual: he normally fails to win over the woman he loves, he fails to find an actually productive niche in society (often retreating into deep isolation and alienation), and he normally fails to thrive health-wise (Emerson 54). In A Hero of Our Time, these 3 aspects do connect to Pechorin; for he fails to win over Bela (she dies), h e never truly discovers what in society will bring him real happiness (and continues to constantly chase something new during that process) and his mental health is by all means questionable, especially when we witness the extent of his obsessive and manipulative tendencies by the final section. This â€Å"superfluous man† can possibly also be described as the anti-hero, and sometimes with this character it is challenging to say whether they fall under the role of the protagonist or the antagonist throughout the story. Some scholars relate the appearance of this anti-hero to the historical happenings during this time, claiming it may be a result of the nation-wide restrictive control of Nicholas I, â€Å"they quite sincerely recognized their duty to play their part in public life, but in the conditions of life under Nicholas I could find nothing to do† (Schapiro 160). As one could have guessed, the early 19th century was a complex and challenging time for the Russian people, for numerous reasons. Simultaneously, it is also described as Russia’s â€Å"golden age†, because many artistic styles adapted and transformed, bringing about new, original forms and ideas (like the Romantics), even amidst the insanities of rampant autocracy and power-fueled strict censorship (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 309). The Rise of â€Å"intelligentsia† also appeared, as more and more individuals strived to become educated and informed, raising the overall quality of aspects such as art and literature (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 310). There were two individuals in power during the first half of the 19th century, beginning with Alexander I, who ruled from 1801 until 1825 (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 265). This oppressive dictator genuinely believed order equaled happiness, and he wanted this system to be implemented all over Russia. The primary issue was his unpredictable personality, which led to him becoming suspicious of people and ultimately dissatisfied with life (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 267). He sometimes spoke of establishing a constitution, but steps towards this were never implemented, because he likely did not actually want a constitution, for it worked in his favor not to have one (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 270). Alexander I failed to reform Russia, likely because he was so focused upon diplomacy and war, which did not really give the Russian people any chance for growth (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 273). He eventually died in 1825 (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 273), and his brother Nicholas I was next in line to take over the throne. Nicholas I ruled from 1825-1855, and unlike his brother, his personality was rather predictable and well-established. He possessed an incredible determination and iron-will, which was in some ways beneficial, and in other ways detrimental for the Russian people (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 285). Like his brother, he also believed that order was vital for success, supporting loyalty and discipline as well. Nicholas I was religious, but unlike many individuals that searched for the truth of the world with God, this ruler held a strong faith and trust in God (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 286). Nicholas I supported nationalism, like the Romantic literaries did, but instead of it bringing about a sense of freedom and individuality, for him it was more of another side to autocracy, and he viewed the Russian people as kind beings that also needed a ruling hand (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 287). This nationalism expressed that every country had its own â€Å"unique genius†, with Russia’s genius being considered by Nicholas I as, â€Å"the unique bond of love and devotion between the people and the tsar† (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 288). This is probably also not how Romantic literaries viewed the term. Nicholas I was especially determined to fight any signs of rebell ion, but by the end of his regime, this obsessive determination grew to become his downfall (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 288). He became so terrified of any revolution happening, that he implemented some especially restrictive policies that further removed any freedom for the Russian people. Russians were no longer allowed to travel abroad, academic freedom and the autonomy of universities shrank sizeably and people were censored, both in everyday life and also in their modes of expression. Nicholas I tried to introduce reform, but failed miserably, because of his intent to preserve his autocracy, his fear of eliminating serfdom and his general distrust of his own people (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 291). Even though capitalism began to appear during this time and prior social constructs were slowly melting away, Russia remained behind developmentally when compared with other countries in Europe, and the tight control of Nicholas I could certainly have been to blame for Russia’s lack of economic developments, while the rest of the world seemed to be thriving (Riasanovsky and Steinberg 301). Just like Pechorin in A Hero of Our Time, both Nicholas I and Mikhail Lermontov met their eventual demise, much of which was due to their own personal inferiorities, as is the case with a literary anti-hero. Nicholas I, in particular, could not set aside his own egotistical, power-hungry beliefs to support his people when they needed him the most. Lermontov’s egotism was, perhaps nowhere near the degree of Nicholas I, but his arrogance did lead him towards the duel that led to his death, just like his main character, the â€Å"superfluous man†, Pechorin. Works Cited Emerson, Caryl. The Cambridge Introduction to Russian Literature. 2nd ed., Cambridge UP, 2013. Riasanovsky, Nicholas V, and Mark D. Steinberg. A History of Russia. 9th ed., Oxford University Press, 2019. Schapiro, Leonard. Turgenev: His Life and Times. Harvard UP, 1982, Accessed 23 Oct. 2018. Terras, Victor, editor. Handbook of Russian Literature. New Haven, 1985.

Effects Of Smoking On The United States - 2197 Words

Tobacco industries are industries that deal with production of tobacco related products for example cigarettes while ant-smoking campaigns are the activities and rally that the tobacco industries and other institutions or organization employ to oppose or curb smoking globally, example public education. The rate of smoking globally is on the rise if the current data is to go by the youths will be the most affected compared to adults, this trend is worrying and leaves us with many questions than answers concerning the future of the nations. Smoking has been identified as one of the main challenge affecting people specifically youths globally. This is because smoking has very many effects to human life which includes the following health,†¦show more content†¦If the youths are the future leaders, then it directly shows that if we lose these people in the near future we shall have men and women who are irresponsible in the society and unproductive, therefore there is no future if the current trend is to persist (Pierce, 1986). Even though smoking poses these deadly effects to human life, tobacco industries have maintained their business globally. As such various organizations and institutions example human rights organizations, medical researchers and religious groups have joined hands to condemn the tobacco industries and oppose the kind of business they specialize in (Dwyer, 1986). Due to this pressures tobacco industries have been forced to re-evaluate their business and change tactics in order to counter the prevailing opposition so that they can still continue with their business. Their response has been to form ant-smoking campaigns which purpose to reduce the rate of smoking (Woo, 1985). But the question that is difficult to answer is why do they produce a product then later on start campaigning against it? Are they honest, faithful or mean purpose for introducing these campaigns? My answer is no I read mischief in this mission; it is just one way of responding to pressures that have been rampant. To me tobacco industries practices in their ant-smoking campaigns are very much questionable

Platos The Republic and Aristophanes The Birds Essay

Platos The Republic and Aristophanes The Birds It is evident, by Platos The Republic and Aristophanes The Birds, that ones vision of an ideal state is not the same mystical utopia. Platos Republic is an well-ordered society that emphasizes the development of the community, which leads to its people believing in this philosophy. Cloudcuckooland, the idea of two lazy Athenians, is an unorganized society that lacks the substance to make it a workable society. I would much rather live in the organized Republic to the unorganized Cloudcuckooland. The underlying philosophy of the Republic was based on the community and not the individual. There are three classes in The Republic, one no more important than the other.†¦show more content†¦This is a great idea because when this is done people spend less time trying to find a mate and more time doing things that are more productive to the society as a whole. Once a child is born, they are taught from a young age to be a model citizen, under Platos standards, which is critical to i nstill good morals and beliefs in every citizen. This is accomplished by censoring what children hear and see. In this way a child is taught only good morals, which leads to every one in the community having the needs of the community come before the needs of themselves. The beliefs and morals of the people of The Republic are beneficial to a society that put the community first. First off there is no family ties, which will tend to weaken the bond one has to the community. The community is each persons family, so there is no special family bond developed between two people or a group of people, that would break the loyalty to the community. This is represented by Platos description of justice in the state. He defines justice in the state as everyone minding their own business, not interfering with others work, and doing what they are best suited for. If everyone accomplishes this, the society will be successful and last forever, which is the ultimate goal of any society. To keep people from messing up the Justice in the state, Plato has set up things likeShow MoreRelatedPlato s Philosophy And Philosophy1826 Words   |  8 Pagesrole in laying the foundations of Western philosophy. Plato’s work is a source of inestimable value since Soc rates did not leave any material record behind but some of his ideas were put down by his mentee, Plato. However, Plato added a handful of his own philosophy and it is a difficult challenge for historians to ascertain who the original ‘father’ of these ideas was or to what extent they exchanged concepts and viewpoints. The Republic, one of the first written works in political theory and

Design Concept Requirements And Needs - 1460 Words

DESIGN CONCEPT Requirements needs Designing a building that evokes attraction and curiosity among public, the aim is to create interest in the stem cell research while introducing the technology to South Africa. The location of the building should be on an active node where people will be able to observe the building. The facility will be inviting to the public with exhibition space, public square, auditorium for medical conferences and house a cafe’ for the visitors and serve as a brake hub for scientist to cross exchange ideas. Opening the building for public use allows for transparency in the facility but yet it should be kept in mind to still maintain a controlled sterile environment. Urbanism The use of brownfield sites opens up new land within urban environments, but what if we can find an alternative to these sites for smaller developments. Bridges and roadways are much needed for movement within a city, but waste vast amounts of habitable land and space. Is it possible to claim back sum of the land that this network of movement in our cities consume. Figure 1: The site Selecting the site to occupy the land underneath a road way using the leftover space that we cannot see or even know exist like Medical researchers have to uncover stem cells found in bone marrow and manipulate them. The site can duplicate this process by ground works uncover the site and disrupting the existing structure of the bridge. This allows the designer toShow MoreRelatedDesign Concept : Requirements And Needs1618 Words   |  7 Pages DESIGN CONCEPT Requirements needs In designing a building that evokes attraction and curiosity among public, the aim is to create interest in the stem cell research while introducing the technology to South Africa. The location of the building should be on an active node where people will be able to observe the building. The facility will be inviting to the public with exhibition space, public square, auditorium for medical conferences and house a cafe’ for the visitors and serve as aRead MoreDesign And Develop The Hip Prosthesis With Cementless Fixation For Specific Breeds Of Dogs1481 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch aims to design and develop the hip prosthesis with cementless fixation for specific breeds of dogs. In order to find the solution systematically, several steps need to be taken as follows; 3.1 Data acquisition phase In this phase, it is necessary to study and investigate in depth in order to clarify what are the problems, the root causes and the requirements as well as other obligations. 3.2 Systematic design phase The result of the previous step will be extracted to many concepts for the solutionRead MoreRequirements Of Requirements And Requirements1431 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 1: When writing a requirements document, it is important to understand what it is that you’re writing. Requirements documents must be hierarchical, and also must be consistent. Consistency is important, because one must be able to follow for whom he is defining requirements. System requirements vary significantly from stakeholder requirements. As the requirements are written, it is also important to maintain order along with consistency. If requirements are not ordered very specificallyRead MoreEssay on Intaraction of ENTJ (MBTI)1060 Words   |  5 Pagesinitially difficult. What will you do to bridge the gap in approaches so that, with some flexibility in the method of reaching the goal, both types can use their natural strengths? SDLC stage Extroverts Introverts Type Interaction Concept, High Level Requirements, Feasibility Analysis, Project Charter They try to get information from others. In this SDLC stage the communication is very important. Thus extroverts try to get information from others that is really important on this stage. TheyRead MoreThe Velocity Of Door Travel Essay853 Words   |  4 PagesOpening: Velocity of Door Travel: V=(Time to Open)(Distance Traveled)=(3.16 s)(1.25 m) = 0.40 m/s Power Requirement: P(W) =(Force Exerted)(Velocity) =(110 N)(0.40 m/s) = 43.56 W Translation to British Units: P (hp) =(43.56 W)(0.001341 hp/W) = 0.06 hp Closing: Velocity of Door Travel: V=(Time to Open)(Distance Traveled)=(2.12 s)(1.25 m) = 0.59 m/s Power Requirement: P(W) =(Force Exerted)(Velocity) =(540 N)(0.59 m/s) = 314.62 W Translation to British Units: P (hp) =(314.62 W)(0.001341 hp/W) = 0Read MorePrincipal Steps Of The Planning Phase1352 Words   |  6 Pagesthe project, the requirements are developed by the algorithmic approach of the project team. 2) Requirements Gathering ïÆ'Ëœ With the help of all the contributions of all the team members, a concept is developed for a new system. This new system concept is used as an origin to develop business analysis models which defines how a business will operate if a new system is originated. 3) System Proposal ïÆ'Ëœ System proposal is a document which comprises of analysis, models and system concept, which is usedRead MoreQuality Function Deployment1594 Words   |  6 Pagesensure the needs and satisfaction of customers can be achieved. There are various products on the market that have been produced with creativity and a uniquely distinctive and good functionality to attract customers to use it. To produce high quality products, there are several methods is used to study in detail the needs of customers today. One of the best methods is called Quality Function Deployment (QFD). QFD main focus is to meet the needs of customers as well as to understand their needs and toRead MorePhases, Steps, Techniques, And Deliverables1333 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribing the costs and benefits in each phase of Software Development Life Cycle. To execute each and every step in every phase we need to follow some of the techniques like getting known about the nature of the problem etc ,, and determining the organization’s objectives. This provides a general idea about shape of the new system. These are used as input to the design phase which refine them to produce a set of deliverables. These describes the detailed terms about how the system will be builtRead Moreâ€Å"Logical Design, Part 1† Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagestwo to three page paper titled â€Å"Logical Design, Part 1† whereas I am a recently hired consultant for ACME Global Consulting to procure requirements for a large database. In this scenario, â€Å"Logical Design, Part 1†, I will develop a database management systems to convince a set of clients of the benefits of using the Entity–Relationship model (E-R) in developing a database. In addition, my management would like the following points addressed in my design: (1). List the advantages of a relationalRead MoreCareer Episode-2 . C.E.2.1 Introduction. C.E.2.1.1 Duration:1139 Words   |  5 Pagesbuilding and installing High Frequency Tube Mill in 3G Metal Corp. Bawal, Rewari from June 2015 to December 2015. C.E.2.2.2 NATURE OF OVERALL PROJECT: The overall project was to design, build and install the High Frequency Tube Mill for 3G Metal Corp. in Bawal, Rewari. C.E.2.2.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT: - To design the Tube Mill flexible so that it can make round and square pipes in between 5/8 inches to 4 inches. -Complete the manufacturing and installation of the High Frequency Tube Mill for

Political, Social and Legal Factors That Affect Mcdonalds...

You would hope that businesses all over the world would work to the best of their ability in order to be the best. However, this is not always the case as there are many differences when it comes to businesses that are based in different countries. The way that a UK McDonalds functions is very different to the way Haveli in India does, due to the political, social and legal factors that cause them do so. Political Factors The Government in the UK is relatively stable. We currently have a coalition government as none of the political parties got enough votes to win the majority. Therefore, both of the parties’ manifestos are co-joined so there is a lot more UK businesses need to prepare for. Political decisions can affect businesses†¦show more content†¦The priorities of businesses set up in India will not always be for the benefit of the customer, so they have little chance of expanding. However, for Haveli this is not a problem as they are a well known, popular restaurant in the area. Another law that is important for UK businesses such as McDonalds is company law. It is usually said that anyone can start up a business; however this is not entirely true. There are various rules that are in place about who sets a business up and all the paperwork involved in setting a business up. Theirs rules for the names that business use; they aren’t allowed to use any names or names that are similar to businesses already functioning. In India they do have this law in place and it is likely to be followed by businesses like Haveli as they have a reasonably good reputation and they understand the rules they should follow to lead them to success. Unfortunately smaller restaurants are not as likely to follow this law and are quite capable to use Haveli’s name for their own restaurant and receive no punishment, as company law is not seen as essential. Finally, contract law covers two main types of contracts; ones with employees and ones with consumers. The contract wi th consumers is called the Sales of Goods Act, which says that all goods should be: * to a satisfactory quality * fit for purpose * as described, whether that is on the packaging or on the sale description * with adequate skills and care *

Plato s Definition Of Justice - 1306 Words

In this essay, I will argue that Plato s definition of justice in the individual is inadequate since a just individual cannot act unjustly. I will start by defining justice in the individual. Next, I will reexamine Socrates’ refutation of Polemarchus’ second definition. Then, I will show how just individuals (i.e., the philosophy rulers) in the republic act unjustly by using the example of the treatment of people with disability in the republic. This creates a contradiction in Socrates definition. Lastly, I will propose two remedies to solve this contradiction. Socrates claims that an individual is just when each of the three parts of the soul does its duty, and all three parts are in harmony (441e). More specifically, the calculating part should rule the soul, the spirited part should assist the calculating part, and the desiring part should follow the commands of the calculating part (442c-d). A just individual s action is guided by wisdom and knowledge while an unjust individual is filled with ignorance and opinion (443e-444a; 582a). Because their souls are just, just individuals should rule the city so that the city will also be just. This is because Socrates thinks the city and the soul are isomorphic (368d-e). If Socrates’ definition of justice in the individual is correct, then any action of the rulers should be just. Socrates considers the following acts to be unjust: temple robberies, thefts, betrayals, adultery, neglect of parents, and failure to care for theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Plato s Republic : The Definition Of Justice Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s Republic, Socrates begins a debate on the definition of justice. It starts off as a simple discussion on what justice means to some people. Eventually the discussion moves on how justice comes about it in an ideal city. Socrates eventually comes to the idea that an ideal city must have four virtues. These virtues happen to be: courage, wisdom, moderation, and justice. However, the only two virtues that applies to the city as a whole is justice and moderation. Whereas, courage is associated inRead MoreJustice Is The Legal Or Philosophical Theory Of Justice1503 Words   |  7 PagesJustice is the art which gives to each man what is good for his soul. Discuss. â€Å"Justice is the art which gives to each man what is good for his soul† and that is simply to say that justice is identical with, or inseparable with philosophy. (Cahn, Political Philosophy, 1-136) Justice is an order and duty of the parts of the soul; it is to the soul as medicine preserves the health of the body. In its current and cardinal definition is a just behavior or treatment; a concern for justice, peace, andRead MoreThe Between Socrates And Meno1724 Words   |  7 Pagesthat question they first need to agree on what virtue is. Meno makes multiple attempts at a description of virtue and Socrates points out potential problems. A definition of virtue is not settled, which leads to the discussion about the problem of learning. If neither or them know what virtue is then how will they know if they find it. Plato describes this ongoing discussion between Socrates and Meno. Meno’s first attempt at the description of virtue is listing examples. The health of a man is theRead MorePlato s Theory Of Forms Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pages Plato was a standout amongst the most innovative and persuasive masterminds in Western philosophy, his impact all through the historical backdrop of philosophy has been monumental. Born around 428 B.C, he researched an extensive variety of topics; however, his Theory of Forms, found in The Republic, is an essential piece of Plato s philosophy. This is the center thought behind Plato s theory of forms, from this thought he moves towards clarifying his universe of forms or ideas. While tryingRead MoreThomas Hobbes And Plato s The Leviathan And The Republic1496 Words   |  6 Pagesespecially true for the term â€Å"justice†. The philosophers Hobbes and Plato both exhibit their own beliefs towards its interpretation through their respective stories, the Leviathan and the Republic. Instead of simply stating his view, Plato takes it to another level. He brings up a multitude of possibilities for the meaning of justice, arguing with himself and shooting down his own theories. The purpose of his Republic is to find the best and most logical definition of justice through discussion. HobbesRead MoreAnalysis Of Plato s The Euthyphro 1723 Words   |  7 Pagesof the greatest reflective thinkers of all time, Plato was the innovator of many written philosophical dialogues. Accompanied by his teacher, Socrates and his most not orious disciple, Aristotle, Plato set the groundworks of Western philosophy and science amid dialogues such as Apology, Euthyphro, Republic and Laws. These dialogues provided some of the earliest handlings of political inquiries from a philosophical viewpoint. In the Euthyphro, Plato composes a dialogue that transpires in 399 BC, weeksRead MoreDepiction Of Struggle And Division889 Words   |  4 Pagesfocus on different societal divisions This depiction of struggle first became clear during the reading of Plato s Republic in book I, where Thrasymachus said of justice, Justice is nothing more than what is advantageous for the stronger (Plato 15). When examined further, Thrasymachus answer came to mean that what benefits the stronger, more powerful class of people is what he calls justice. Thrasymachus answer posed a struggle between those with more power and influence and those who held lessRead MoreThe Formations Of The Mankind System1568 Words   |  7 Pagesare involved in the concept of justice. Since the years passed previously formed aspect of justice moved from the sphere of law and got more broaden meaning, certain definition of which was and still remains a topic of debate for theologians, philosophers and legislators. Nowadays the word justice, being on everyone s lips, is used so often that it may signify nearly anything. Though one of the main meanings given by modern people is the interchangeability of justice with the word â€Å"fairness†. IndeedRead MoreWhy the Philospher Should Rule (Plato)1708 Words   |  7 PagesEXPLAIN 2) WHY IT IS A DILEMMA FOR HE TO CHOOSE TO RULE. WHY DOES HE HAVE TO BE COMPELLED AND WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE COMPULSION? 3) BE SURE TO COMMENT ON HOW THIS QUESTION IS RELATED TO THE ANSWER PLATO ATTEMPTS TO CONSTRUCT TO GLAUCONS CHALLENGE? Part 1 In Plato’s Republic, Plato sets out to prove that it is always better to be just than unjust. Doing so requires him to look into the soul of human beings. Souls by nature are difficult to examine so he suggests that he use the analogyRead MoreEssay about Morals and Ethics1134 Words   |  5 Pages Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, and Nietzsche all had their own ideas for which one could reach happiness in his/her life. All have similarities in there reasoning except Nietzshe, who contradicts the others entirely. Plato states that to understand virtue is happiness. In turn virtue suffices for happiness and is necessary. Also he intuits that human reasoning prevails over spirited element or a person?s appetite. Aristotle?s arguments relate with Plato, but he builds more to it and finds his own

Digital Crimes Electronic Within Crimes †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Explain On Digital Crimes Electronic Within Crimes? Answer: Introduction In the recent years, digital crimes or crimes within electronic and digital media have become quite prevalent. The most common of these has been the cyber crime. As a result of this, there has been a growing need for investigation of digital crimes by both individual organizations and criminal justice systems. These crimes are done partially or entirely via electronic media and the internet. Digital forensics often requires resources and procedures to facilitate searching, location, and preservation of all electronic evidence. An example of digital evidence that can be used in such cases is encrypted data which is used to facilitate criminal activities. Analysis of such data is very important in digital forensics (Aziz,2014). Digital forensics is the process through which electronic data is uncovered and interpreted. Digital forensics aims at preserving any evidence in its original form in the course of forensic investigations in order to enable reconstruction of past events. Digital Financial Services (DFS), which provides financial services for individuals, employees and Companies, is faced with a real-time data threat that is likely to have an impact its more than 250 employees as well as the more than 3 million customers that it serves. John Stuarts incidence has necessitated the formation of a team to investigate the alleged misconduct and violation of company rules by Tom wills through his act of logging into a colleague's account. For that reason, an investigation has been launched by a team of auditors to ascertain the extent of his activities, the extent to which others are involved, the people affected as well as if there is a necessity of criminal charges against Tom. This digital forensics Investigative plan is aimed at enabling systematic collection of evidence and analysis of electronic and digital data. Digital forensics methodology Methodology refers to the theoretical and systematic study of the method used in a field of study. It encompasses a theoretical investigation of methods and principles that are related to a particular branch of knowledge. The forensic investigation requires the use of an investigative methodology that has been used previously with a combination of tools ensure as that data is collected and preserved in a sound and legal manner. Computer forensics is concerned with identifying, preserving, extraction, documentation, and interpretation of computer data. Computer forensics can be viewed as a process involving the use of analysis techniques and computer investigation in order to determine potential evidence in the case of a wide range of computer crimes. Examples of computer crime include fraud, destruction of intellectual property and theft of trade secrets( Caloyannides,2014). A Number of forensic investigation methodologies have been developed to aid in forensic investigation. Some of these methodologies have been developed for use in specific instances while others have been developed for general application. Among the main methodologies used in the Forensic analysis is the method developed by Heiser and Kruse II which involves the acquisition, authentication, analysis and presentation of evidence (Kruse Heiser,2013). Another methodology was developed farmer and Venema in which they identified some main steps in computer forensic analysis. These steps included securing and isolation, recording of the scene, systematic search for evidence, collection and packaging of evidence and maintenance of chain of custody. Mandia and precise also developed a methodology for use in forensic investigations (EC-CounciL Press,2017). Their methodology involves steps such as pre-incidence preparation, incidents detection, first response, Formulation of response strategy, duplication, analysis, implementation of security measure, network monitoring, recovery, reporting and finally reporting. Digital Forensic Research workshop has also developed am method of forensic analysis which is divided into phases such as identification, preservation, collection, examination, analysis presentation and decision. Due to the fact that the organization servers are UNIX/LINUX, The most appropriate methodology for use will be SANS methodology the main reason for choosing this methodology is that its level of reliability in evidence presentation is quite high. The method will also enable the forensic investigation to remain on the right track (Kruse Heiser,2013). This makes it the most appropriate method for investigation for investigating the IFSA Security issue. This method is divided into eight steps. Verification This is the first done as part of incidence response Verification will be done to ascertain that the incident has taken place. The verification stage will also involve the determination of the scope and breadth of the incident. In short, the factors to be determined here will be the situation, the specifics, and nature of the case. Verification is important because it will facilitate identification of the best approach for identifying, preserving and collecting evidence (Newman, 2007). System description This step will involve gathering data about the incident at hand. The team will need to describe the system for analysis in terms of where it is being acquired, its role in the in the organization as well as in the network. This will be followed by outlining the systems operating system and general configuration such as the format of its disk, the location of evidence and its RAM capacity (Philipp, Cowen Davis,2010). Acquisition of Evidence This step will involve identification of possible sources of data, acquisition of both volatile and nonvolatile data and verification of data integrity and maintenance of chain of custody. This step will also involve prioritization of evidence collection as well as the engagement of the business owners with an aim of identifying the possible impact of the selected strategies. Of central focus should also be the order in which volatile data is collected because of because of the fact that it changes over time. For this reason, volatile data will need to be collected using trusted binaries in running processes, open files, RAM Contents and login sessions. After data acquisition, its integrity should then be determined (Maras, 2015). Timeline Analysis This step will involve forensic lab analysis and investigation for which the first step is timeline analysis under timeline analysis information such as time of data modification, access, change and creation of human readable format. Data will be gathered using a variety of tools, extracted from Inode and then parsed and sorted in order to facilitate analysis. Timelines of memory artifacts will also need to be considered in the reconstruction process to ascertain what happened. This step will also involve generation of an idea of the date of the activity done in the system, the artifacts used, the actual action and source. SIFT Workstation tool can be used in this process (EC-Council Press, 2010) Media and Artifact Analysis This step will involve the analysis of huge sets of data in order to identify what programs were executed, downloaded files, files which were opened, directories which were opened, files which were deleted areas browsed by the use etc. This analysis will also be focused on identifying evidence on the usage of accounts and browsers download of files, creation and opening of files, execution of programs and usage of USB key. Memory analysis will also be important for examination of rogue processes, process paths, mutex, user handles and processed paths (Marshall, 2011). String/Byte search This method will be applied to search for magic cookies through the use of appropriate tools and techniques which will also facilitate low-level image search. This step will also allow string searches by the use of regular expressions to identify strings relevant to the case. Data recovery This step will involve the recovery of data from the file system. Tools will be used to analyze the file system, data layer, and Metadata layer in order to find the files of data.This step will also facilitate analysis of unallocated space, analysis of lack space as well as in-depth file system analysis. Reporting Results This will be the final phase and it will involve reporting what has been found from the analysis such as description of the actions performed, determination of other actions that needed to be performed and offering recommendations on the improvements that need to be made on policies, procedures, tools, guidelines as well as other aspects of the forensic process. Reporting is an important part of the forensic investigation (Volonino Anzaldua,2008). Required resources A number of resources and skills are required to conduct digital forensic investigation Forensic investigation tools The organization will also need to have the necessary tools to facilitate the investigation process. For the case under analysis, tools such as tool dd are required. The investigation also requires the use of tools such as Tool EnCase Sufficient Forensic capabilities As part of the skill requirement in order to carry out the process well, the team involved in handling the case will be required to possess robust forensic capabilities. This will require the team to be composed of members possessing different skills for each of them to be able to perform a different effort and collectively make the process a success Efficient Network and Computer forensics For the process to be successful, the team will also need an efficient network and computer forensics to facilitate performance of different tasks in an organization such as investigating inappropriate behavior and crimes and troubleshooting operational problems, without which the organization will encounter challenges in determining when the occurrence of the incident within the system happened (Volonino Anzaldua,2008). Policies having forensic consideration The organization also needs to have in place policies that have forensic consideration. Such policies will be applied to the people tasked with the responsibility of monitoring the network and system. These will also be applied in the investigation of the case under analysis (Volonino,Anzaldua Godwin,2007). This policy must define the roles and responsibilities of each of the individuals taking place in the investigation process as well as provide guidelines on the most appropriate course of action for different cases Approach for data evidence Identification Application of digital technology will lead to the identification of huge sets of data based because of the fact that the company uses UNIX/LINUX servers. The main sources of data used in the forensic investigation include network storage devices, data servers and storage devices among others. These can be used for identification of evidence or the required data. It is also possible to use volatile data that is available on a standard computer system on a temporary basis. The process of identifying evidence will involve seizure of the digital media under investigation; this will then be followed by acquisition which involves the creation of a forensic duplicate. Analysis of image files created during the acquisition process will then be done to identify information that either in support or contradiction of the established hypothesis. This will then be followed by reporting inform of Meta documentation or audit information (Vacca,2015). Approach and Steps to be taken Step one: This will involve the establishment of a chain of custody. This step will require the team to be aware of the location of any items that are related to the examination. Step two: This step will involve cataloging of all the information that is relevant to the investigation. In this step, attempts will be made to recover any information that has been deleted as much as possible. This step will also involve identification of any information that is password protected and encrypted information as well as any evidence of attempts that had been made to hide data. The integrity of the original media should, however, be maintained as much as possible without any form of alteration. Finally, there will be a need to create a hard drive image that would be authenticated against the original to ensure that the two are similar (Shinder, 2012). Step3: This step will require obtaining of additional sources of information if it will be necessary. Some of the sources that will be used include proxy server logs and firewall logs Step 4: Step four will involve the analysis and interpretation of information for the purpose of evidence determination. Evidence to support that the accused person did it as well as evidence to that he did it will be sought. Any files that are encrypted or protected with passwords will need to be cracked at this step. Step five will involve the presentation of a written report that contains the findings of the analysis as well as any comments from the examination (Sheetz, 2007). Approach to recover files that have been deleted from the computer Data recovery can be the most important aspect of the forensic audit. It is from this data that is recovered that evidence is gathered. Although data does not entirely disappear from the system when it is deleted; there are techniques that are needed in order to recover it for forensic analysis. Deleted files in a computer often end up in the computer recycle bin. In such a situation the deleted information can be successfully retrieved from the recycle bin which is a temporary holding point for deleted files. However, in instances where deleted files have also been erased from the dust bin, more needs to be done. If no files are found in the dustbin, the files can still be recovered through the use of a number of data recovery tools. What happens when data is deleted from a computer is that the data is not entirely wiped from the computer. Instead, a file system record that shows the exact location of that particular file on the disc is marked as deleted. The disk space previously occupied by this file is then made available for other sets of data (Quach,2014). An analysis of the file system or conducting a hard drive scan in order to identify characteristic signatures of file types that are known can facilitate recovery of both files deleted by the user and other evidence such as temporary copies of office documents; documents that have been renamed among many other types of documents. Information from other sources such as Skype chat logs that are stored in the chat sync folder can be used to supplement data from deleted files. With the existence of chat sync folder, Skype chats can be recovered even in the event of failure to recover deleted Skype database (Pilli, Joshi and Niyogi,2010). Data security policies. A number of policies can be put up by the organization to enhance the security of data within the organization. Restricting unauthorized access to information: This will involve safeguarding all sensitive institutional and personal information against access by unauthorized persons. This can be achieved through the use of stringent punishments on those found to have violated data privacy policy. Establishing password management: This policy will require the establishment of passwords for all employees who have access to corporate resources. After passwords have been established, employees should then be directed to keep their passwords private and confidential and avoid sharing them will colleagues (Cyber Defense Training Systems, Lewis,2007). Recommendations There are a number of factors that the company can consider in order to make the process a success and effectively deal with the identified problem. The first recommendation for the company is the determination of all the parts that will be involved in the forensic examination and subsequently determine the individuals who will be responsible for each of the parts. The reason for this is the fact that many parts of the forensic investigation might require specific skills and attributes( Casey,2010). The organization will need to identify if any part of the analysis will need to be performed by external parties or whether everything will be handled by the organizations staff. Additionally, the organization will have to involve teams such as the management, human resources and IT professionals to make the process more effective. Finally, the organization will have to create procedures and guidelines to be used during the process such as explaining the methodologies most appropriate as well as guidelines for ensuring the integrity of the data collected. Conclusion Based on this report, the issue experienced by Impact Financial Service Australia is quite serious can cause serious harm to the organization if nothing is done about it. The action is a threat not only to individual employees data but also organizational data. Access to unauthorized data can facilitate fraud and other crimes in an organization such as data theft. For this reason, a forensic analysis has been instituted by the organization to provide more insight about the alleged fraud and institute measures to prevent such occurrence in future. It is evident from the plan that specific tools, as well as expertise and skills, will need to be employed in the forensic investigation. The process will also involve specific methodologies. Reference List: Aziz, B., 2014. Modelling and refinement of forensic data acquisition specifications. Digital Investigation, 11(2), pp.90-101. Caloyannides, M. (2014). Privacy Protection and Computer Forensics. Norwood, Artech House. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=227692. Casey, E. (2010). Digital investigations, security and privacy. Digital Investigation, 7(1-2), pp.1-2. Cyber Defense Training Systems, Lewis, J. A. (2007). Corporate computer forensics training system text manual. Volume I. Leslie, Mich, Cyber Defense and Research Initiative. EC-CounciL Press. (2017). Computer forensics: investigating network intrusions and cybercrime. EC-Council Press. (2010). Computer forensics: investigating wireless networks and devices. Clifton Park, NY, Course Technology Cengage Learning. EC-Council Press. (2010). Computer forensics: investigating data and image files. Clifton Park, NY, Course Technology Cengage Learning Kruse, W. G., Heiser, J. G. (2013). Computer forensics: incident response essentials. Boston, Mass. [u.a.], Addison-Wesley Maras, M.-H. (2015). Computer forensics: cybercriminals, laws, and evidence, second edition. Burlington, MA, Jones Bartlett Learning. https://www.books24x7.com/marc.asp?bookid=69834 Marshall, A. (2011). Standards, regulation quality in digital investigations: The state we are in. Digital Investigation, 8(2), pp.141-144. Newman, R. C. (2007). Computer forensics: evidence collection and management. Boca Raton, FL, Auerbach Publications. Philipp, A., Cowen, D., Davis, C. (2010). Hacking exposed computer forensics: secrets solutions. New York, McGraw-Hill/Osborne. https://www.books24x7.com/marc.asp?bookid=72523. Pilli, E., Joshi, R. and Niyogi, R. (2010). Network forensic frameworks: Survey and research challenges. Digital Investigation, 7(1-2), pp.14-27. Quach, T. (2014). Extracting hidden messages in steganographic images. Digital Investigation, 11, pp.S40-S45 Sheetz, M. (2007). Computer forensics: an essential guide for accountants, lawyers, and managers. New Jersey, John Wiley Sons. Shinder, D. L. (2012). Scene of the cybercrime: computer forensics handbook. Rockland, Syngress Media. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=294354 Vacca, J. R. (2015). Computer forensics: computer crime scene investigation. Hingham, Mass, Charles River Media. Volonino, L., Anzaldua, R., Godwin, J. (2007). Computer forensics: principles and practices. Upper Saddle River, N.J., Pearson/Prentice Hall. Volonino, L., Anzaldua, R. (2008). Computer forensics for dummies. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley. https://www.123library.org/book_details/?id=11847.